CBD was well-tolerated without exhibiting notable deleterious effects; some participants even retrospectively declared a decrease in euphoria when smoking cannabis. No cognitive defects nor detrimental effects on the psychological condition were observed. Furthermore, participants underwent considerably fewer depressive and psychotic-like symptoms at posttreatment compared to baseline. They showed amelioration in the cannabis-abuse-induced deficits in attentional switching, memory, and verbal learning.
Common CBD Side Effects
In contrast, higher doses (10–20 mg/kg) increased ICss thresholds, indicating that brain reward function is decreased by acute administration of CBD. ICss thresholds were lowered by morphine but increased by CBD, suggesting that CBD is unlikely to exhibit abuse potential (Katsidoni et al., 2013) (Table 1). Cognitive dysfunction, specifically impairments in executive domains, after chronic cannabis use is a key feature of the neurobiological model of addiction (Koob and Volkow 2016). Deficits in executive function after chronic cannabis use have been shown in both preclinical and clinical studies. In one preclinical study, chronically administering a synthetic cannabinoid agonist to adolescent rats impaired short-term working memory in adulthood (Renard et al. 2016).
CBD Might Help Treat Addiction
That said, preliminary research on CBD and its benefits are promising in relation to helping with mild to moderate health concerns and it is generally considered a safe substance. Health professionals do not consider CBD a cure-all for serious medical issues, including https://sober-home.org/ cancer. Ultimately, the primary reasons why people use CBD is because it tends to have calming, relaxing, pain-reducing effects. It has been used to alleviate joint pain and nerve pain, reduce anxiety and stress, treat insomnia, improve migraines, and address nausea.
CBD and Opioids
Its legal status in countries is something for national legislators to decide. Some countries have eased regulations around cannabidiol, to consider products containing CBD to be medical products. These include Australia, Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. It has been widely reported that WHO officially recommended on December 14, 2017 that cannabis compound cannabidiol (CBD) not be internationally scheduled as a controlled substance. “Here we have [cannabinoid] drugs that work on multiple receptors and have multiple effects.
Interestingly, the results reported by our group in an animal model of spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal support the implementation of randomized controlled trials (RCT) using only CBD. In addition, variables like motivation, reinforcement, withdrawal, relapse, and retention in treatment should be considered for a global overview during treatment for CUD. Smoking is another SUD in which clinical studies were predominantly conducted to evaluate CBD actions. Nevertheless, more information is required to accurately assess the therapeutic role that CBD could have in smoking cessation. As previously mentioned, CBD exercises its effects via several neural mechanisms relevant to addictive disorders. Its action on the ECBS as a weak inverse agonist on CB1 receptors has been suggested to play a role in substance-use disorder, but other mechanisms are also involved.
This 24-h period was selected to avoid picking up any acute effects of cannabis while also ensuring participants were not experiencing withdrawal symptoms which typically peak 2–6 days after abstinence from cannabis26. What is currently known about marijuana is derived from studies of a single active constituent, tetrahydrocannabinol, and less so from the plant itself. This problem is primarily due to the federal status as a Schedule I substance and the prohibition of federal research funds for the study. Also, another publication showed that CBD (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not attenuate the motivation to self-administer cocaine (breaking point) nor the cue-induced cocaine seeking in rats after a withdrawal period (Mahmud et al., 2017). These apparently contradictory results could be related, at least in part, with differences in the experimental design or in the administered doses of cocaine and CBD.
The usual CBD formulation is oil, but CBD is also sold as an extract, a vaporized liquid and an oil-based capsule. Food, drinks and beauty products are among the many CBD-infused products available online. While such issues can be managed when taking a prescribed medication under doctor supervision, self-administered CBD could potentially have the same harmful effects, particularly since it can be difficult to determine how much CBD many products actually contain.
According to a 2017 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, of the commercially available CBD products tested, only 30 percent were accurately labeled. According to Vaping360, “Most CBD vape juice is made of food-grade ingredients and is safe to consume, but not all CBD oil can be vaped—some products are for oral consumption only.” Again, remember that CBD products are largely unregulated in terms of safety. On the flip side, marijuana-derived CBD is illegal at the federal level and classified as a controlled substance regardless of its percentage of THC. When cannabis plants are stressed by cold weather, they can create more THC. Drought, flooding, heat or cold can all result in unintentional spikes in THC. The cannabis plant has hundreds of active chemicals, including more than 120 cannabinoids found in the stalks, seeds and flowers.
The authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. Treatments for CUD seem to target aspects of the binge-intoxication, withdrawal-negative affect, and preoccupation-anticipation stages described by Koob and Volkow (2016). Bars represent mean global impairment scores at Baseline (T0), following ingesting of CBG and Placebo.
Finally, participants provided T3 ratings of their subjective state and subjective drug effects. Similarly, they rated their level of dry eyes, dry mouth, sleepiness, appetite, and racing heart/heart palpitations using 0 (none) to 10 (extremely) VAS. Finally, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.66 for drug liking ratings in the CBG condition and it was 0.68 for intoxication ratings in the placebo condition. CBG is a minor phytocannabinoid and its acidic form (CBGA) is often referred to as “the mother of all cannabinoids” as it is a precursor to numerous other phytocannabinoids, including THC, CBD, and cannabichromene (CBC).
To date, over 120 cannabinoids have been isolated from the plant (Morales et al., 2017). From these, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychotomimetic or hallucinogenic component and the first cannabinoid to be identified and studied. First described and synthesized by Roger Adams in 1942 (Adams, 1942), and then isolated for the first time by Gaoni and Mechoulam in 1964 (Gaoni and Mechoulam, 1964), THC mediates the rewarding properties of cannabis (Zhang et al., 2004). Along with THC, cannabidiol (CBD) is the other most abundant phytocannabinoid in the Cannabis sativa plant. It was first synthesized by Roger Adams (Adams, 1942) and isolated by Mechoulam and Shvo in 1963 (Mechoulam et al., 1963), from which a growing interest in its pharmacological actions began to emerge.
This article will look at what CBD is, how it might benefit a person’s health, how to use it, any possible risks, and its legal status in the United States. The challenge, though, is not knowing that you’re purchasing from reputable retailers and suppliers. If the amount of THC in the product is more than what the label claims, you can fail a drug test.
While the online version of the TSST has been previously validated22, a stress manipulation performed in the lab (rather than in participants’ comfortable home environments via Zoom) may have produce larger increases in subjective stress. On the other hand, the role of CBD in alcohol, opioid and psychostimulant use disorders lies mainly in the studies carried out with different animal models, which in turn motivated the performance of several ongoing clinical trials. The findings included in this review suggest that CBD may reduce the consumption, motivation or relapse of alcohol, opioids (i.e., heroin, morphine) and psychostimulants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine), as well as the withdrawal-related signs of morphine and cocaine.
- For example, CBD affects on hormones (Bergamaschi et al., 2011; Iffland and Grotenhermen, 2017).
- Moreover, the remarkable safety profile of CBD, its lack of reinforcing properties and the existence of approved medications containing this compound (Sativex®, Epidiolex®) increased the number of studies suggesting the potential of CBD as a therapeutic intervention for SUD.
- Moreover, they also studied the effects of cannabinoids on the establishment of stimulant CPP.
Epidemiological investigations have declared that the number of cocaine abusers is increasing (Mena et al., 2013), and cocaine abuse has been identified as a signifcant public health problem impacting roughly 20 million individuals globally (Richards et al., 2016). While many studies have sought to identify efficient remedies for psychostimulant abuse, there is no FDA-approved medicine for psychostimulant abuse disorders, including cocaine, METH, and AMPH (Czoty et al., 2016; Mariani and Levin, 2012). Cue-induced craving and anxiety in heroin-abstinent individuals were decreased by acute CBD administration (400 or 800 mg), further demonstrating efficacy for CBD in ameliorating clinical signs and symptoms critical to the continued cycle of addiction.
CBD oil can interact with medications, including many used to treat epilepsy. One of the reasons for this has to do with how your body breaks down (metabolizes) drugs. Adolescent users are at increased risk of psychological disorders from THC. These psychological disorders include an increased risk of psychosis and schizophrenia. OTC CBD products are not regulated or standardized like prescription drugs in the United States. They can cause interactions with medications or have other safety concerns.
The compound appears to suppress the growth of cancer cells and promote their destruction. One 2019 review found that CBD might help slow the onset and progress of Alzheimer’s disease. Some scientists believe a treatment involving both THC and CHD may be more effective. In 2014, a rodent study showed that CBD might help people retain the ability to recognize familiar faces. These rare forms of epilepsy involve seizures that are difficult to control with other types of medication.
Keep in mind that individual responses to CBD may differ, so it’s essential to monitor how your body reacts and adjust the dosage accordingly. Understanding the potential presence of THC in certain CBD products is crucial for making informed choices about what you consume. Familiarize yourself with labeling and independent testing processes to ensure that your chosen CBD product meets your specific needs and preferences. In the United States, CBD products made from hemp with less than 0.3% THC are legal at the federal level. Hemp mainly contains CBD which many believe helps with things like pain without making you feel out of control or addicted. Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health.
Your doctor may suggest certain products or dosages depending on your needs. It is important to note that the effects of these topical products will be localized since they are not being ingested. CBD oils can be formulated for vaping, although there have been recent concerns about the health dangers posed by vaping. Because the laws regarding the use of cannabis and cannabis https://sober-home.org/ products are rapidly changing, you should always check your state’s laws before using products containing CBD or THC. Although CBD in certain forms (cosmetics, oils, creams) is legal in most states, it must be a product of hemp and contain less than 0.3% THC. The National Institute on Drug Abuse also notes that THC alters how the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex function.